{"id":1273,"date":"2024-02-13T08:48:07","date_gmt":"2024-02-13T08:48:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi-court\/"},"modified":"2026-08-10T14:47:15","modified_gmt":"2026-08-10T14:47:15","slug":"quasi-court","status":"publish","type":"glossary","link":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi-court\/","title":{"rendered":"Quasi Court"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Quasi<\/a> Court<\/p>\n<p><!-- cld-ai-expansion-start --><br>\n<!-- cld-ai-inline-image-start --><\/p>\n<div class=\"cld-ai-inline-term-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/quasi-court-dictionary-300x300.png\" class=\"alignleft cld-ai-term-inline-image\" alt=\"Quasi Court &mdash; Common Law Dictionary\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/div>\n<p><!-- cld-ai-inline-image-end --><\/p>\n<h2>Primary Definition<\/h2>\n<p><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Quasi<\/a> court<\/strong> is <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> descriptive legal expression for <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> body, officer, board, commission, tribunal, or other decision-making forum that performs functions resembling those of <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> court without necessarily being <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> constitutional or statutory court of general judicial <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/jurisdiction\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">jurisdiction<\/a>. The more common modern legal expression is <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a>-judicial body<\/em>, and the two expressions are often used interchangeably. In ordinary use, the term identifies <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> forum that may receive evidence, hear opposing parties, determine facts, apply legal standards, issue findings or orders, and decide <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> particular dispute.<\/p>\n<p>The word <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a><\/em> is important. It means &ldquo;as if,&rdquo; &ldquo;in some degree,&rdquo; or &ldquo;resembling without being identical.&rdquo; Thus, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> court is not automatically an inferior court, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> sham court, or an unlawful court. It is <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> body with some judicial characteristics, but whose legal authority, structure, procedures, remedies, and review are defined by the law creating it rather than by the full constitutional status ordinarily associated with an Article III federal court or <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> state court of record.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> useful working distinction is this:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> court<\/strong> ordinarily exercises judicial power as part of the judicial branch and acts within <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/jurisdiction\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">jurisdiction<\/a> established by constitution or law.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> court<\/strong> ordinarily exercises limited adjudicatory authority delegated by statute, ordinance, treaty, regulation, charter, or other lawful instrument.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a>-judicial proceeding<\/strong> is <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> proceeding in which an administrative or nonjudicial body determines particular rights, duties, privileges, licenses, liabilities, or disputes by applying existing standards to particular facts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The label alone does not decide whether <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> body has lawful authority. Its actual authority depends upon the constitution, statute, ordinance, regulation, charter, or other source that created the body; the subject matter assigned to it; the procedures required; and the availability of judicial review. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> tribunal may be called <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a>-judicial and still be subject to substantial constitutional and statutory limits.<\/p>\n<h2>Etymology and Origin<\/h2>\n<p><em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Quasi<\/a><\/em> is <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> Latin word meaning &ldquo;as if,&rdquo; &ldquo;as it were,&rdquo; or approximately. Standard dictionaries trace it to the Latin elements <em>quam<\/em> (&ldquo;as&rdquo; or &ldquo;how&rdquo;) and <em>si<\/em> (&ldquo;if&rdquo;). In English legal usage, <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a><\/em> commonly signals resemblance rather than complete identity. Examples include <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a>-contract<\/em>, <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a>-corporation<\/em>, <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a>-criminal<\/em>, <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a>-legislative<\/em>, and <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a>-judicial<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Accordingly, &ldquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> court&rdquo; does not mean &ldquo;almost lawful,&rdquo; nor does it mean that <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> tribunal merely pretends to be <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> court. It expresses <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> classification: <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> body may act judicially in <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> limited setting even though it is not, for every constitutional and institutional purpose, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> court. The expression is especially useful when <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> government body combines administrative duties with the authority to conduct hearings and decide individualized controversies.<\/p>\n<p>The phrase has appeared in <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/american\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">American<\/a> legal materials for more than <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> century. In <em>Wright <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/v\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>v<\/a>. Tebbitts<\/em> (1875), the United States Supreme Court described <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> claims commission as &ldquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> court&rdquo; while explaining that professional services before such <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> commission were not inherently improper. That historical use concerned <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> specially constituted body resolving claims rather than an ordinary judicial court. The older usage confirms that the phrase has long been descriptive, not <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> technical title carrying one fixed legal consequence.<\/p>\n<p>There is no sound basis for claiming that the English-language legal term &ldquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> court&rdquo; originated as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> distinct Roman, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/religious\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">religious<\/a>, military, or ecclesiastical institution. Latin supplied the word <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a><\/em>, but the modern classification of administrative and regulatory tribunals developed principally through later <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/public\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">public<\/a>-law systems, especially as governments created commissions and agencies to administer specialized statutes.<\/p>\n<h2>Cultural and Historical Context<\/h2>\n<p>The growth of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> courts is closely connected with the growth of the modern administrative state. Legislatures frequently enact broad regulatory schemes involving employment, benefits, taxation, professional licensing, land use, transportation, securities, immigration, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/public\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">public<\/a> utilities, education, and environmental regulation. Because ordinary courts cannot practically make every initial factual determination in every specialized matter, legislatures often authorize agencies or boards to decide matters in the first instance.<\/p>\n<p>This arrangement serves several practical purposes. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> specialized body may develop subject-matter competence, use procedures suited to recurring disputes, build an administrative record, and provide <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> comparatively accessible initial forum. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> licensing board, for example, may hear evidence concerning whether <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> licensed professional violated governing standards. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> zoning board may decide an application for <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> variance under criteria adopted by local law. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> labor or benefits tribunal may determine eligibility based upon employment records, testimony, and statutory requirements.<\/p>\n<p>Historically, legal writers often described agency powers in three categories: legislative, executive, and judicial. Rulemaking was sometimes called &ldquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a>-legislative,&rdquo; enforcement was administrative or executive, and case-specific determinations were called &ldquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a>-judicial.&rdquo; Those labels remain useful descriptions, but they should not obscure the actual legal question: what authority did the legislature confer, and what constitutional limits govern its use?<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> court usually acts retrospectively and particularly. It examines identified persons, known events, and <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> defined controversy. By contrast, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> rulemaking body normally acts prospectively and generally, prescribing standards for future conduct. The distinction can matter greatly. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> board may sometimes decide whether <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> particular permit should issue under an existing rule, but it may not use an adjudication as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> shortcut for imposing <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> new rule of general applicability where law requires formal rulemaking.<\/p>\n<h2>Biblical \/ Torah Context<\/h2>\n<p>The term <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> court<\/em> does not <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/appear\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">appear<\/a> in the <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/bible\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Bible<\/a> or Torah, and it should not be presented as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> biblical or Torah legal category. It is <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> later Latin-English legal expression. Neither <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/the-torah\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">the Torah<\/a> nor the New Testament provides an institutional definition equivalent to the modern administrative tribunal.<\/p>\n<p>Nevertheless, the subject of judging is plainly important in biblical and Torah texts. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/the-torah\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">The Torah<\/a> repeatedly presents judgment as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/public\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">public<\/a> responsibility requiring impartiality, truthful testimony, careful inquiry, and equal treatment. Deuteronomy 16:18&ndash;20 instructs the appointment of judges and officers and warns against partiality and bribery. Exodus 18 describes the delegation of disputes to capable officers, while reserving more difficult matters for higher consideration. These passages concern <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/justice\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">justice<\/a> and ordered decision-making, not the technical modern distinction between courts and administrative bodies.<\/p>\n<p>As interpretive analysis rather than <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/claim\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">claim<\/a> of direct legal continuity, those principles can provide an ethical measure for evaluating any adjudicatory forum: Does it hear both sides? Does it use known standards? Does it avoid favoritism? Does it give reasons for its decision? Does it provide an avenue to correct error? <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> body may be legally authorized as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> court while still being criticized if its practices depart from those basic ideals of fair hearing and impartial judgment.<\/p>\n<h2>Legal Implications<\/h2>\n<h3>Authority Must Be Delegated<\/h3>\n<p>In <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/american\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">American<\/a> law, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> court does not possess inherent judicial authority merely because it conducts <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> hearing or uses court-like language. Its power must arise from <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> valid source of law. At the federal level, agencies act under congressional statutes and applicable regulations. At the state and local levels, boards and tribunals commonly derive authority from state constitutions, statutes, municipal charters, ordinances, and agency rules.<\/p>\n<p>The scope of delegated authority is central. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> tribunal may have power to investigate, subpoena where authorized, receive evidence, issue licenses, deny benefits, impose administrative remedies, recommend action, or enter binding orders. Another body may only make findings or recommendations for <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> court, executive officer, or legislature. The name &ldquo;commission,&rdquo; &ldquo;board,&rdquo; &ldquo;hearing officer,&rdquo; &ldquo;administrative law judge,&rdquo; or &ldquo;tribunal&rdquo; does not itself establish the extent of power.<\/p>\n<h3>Administrative Procedure and Due Process<\/h3>\n<p>Federal administrative adjudications are governed in significant part by the Administrative Procedure Act (&ldquo;APA&rdquo;). The APA defines an agency adjudication as the agency process for formulating an order, while 5 <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/u\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>U<\/a>.<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>S<\/a>.<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/c\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>C<\/a>. &sect;&sect; 554, 556, and 557 establish procedures for certain adjudications required by statute to be determined on the record after an opportunity for an agency hearing. These provisions do not convert agencies into Article III courts. They instead prescribe procedural safeguards for designated agency proceedings.<\/p>\n<p>Constitutional due process may also apply when government action threatens life, liberty, or property interests. What process is due depends on context. Notice, an opportunity to respond, an impartial decision-maker, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> meaningful chance to present relevant evidence, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> decision based upon the record, and reasoned findings may be required to varying degrees. The precise requirements depend on the governing statute, the kind of interest at stake, the risk of erroneous deprivation, and the governmental interests involved.<\/p>\n<p>Not every <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a>-judicial proceeding has all features of civil litigation. Discovery may be narrower, evidentiary rules may be less formal, hearings may be conducted by an administrative law judge or hearing officer, and review may be limited to the administrative record. Those differences do not necessarily make the proceeding invalid. But they may become legally significant where the legislature has required particular procedures or where the Constitution requires greater protection.<\/p>\n<h3>Judicial Review and the Record<\/h3>\n<p><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> major safeguard is judicial review. Many administrative decisions may be reviewed by <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> court for legal error, constitutional error, lack of substantial evidence, arbitrariness, abuse of discretion, procedural violation, or action beyond delegated authority. The proper method and deadline for review are usually fixed by statute or rule and can be strict. In some settings, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> party must first exhaust administrative remedies before seeking court review.<\/p>\n<p>Judicial review is not always <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> complete retrial. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> reviewing court may defer to factual findings supported by the administrative record while independently deciding constitutional issues or questions of law, depending on the applicable statute and doctrine. Some statutes allow de novo review; others permit only record review. Therefore, persons appearing before <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> court should <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/understand\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">understand<\/a> that the hearing record, objections, exhibits, and requested findings may become decisive on <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/appeal\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">appeal<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Common Law, Equity, Statutes, and Constitutional Limits<\/h3>\n<p>Historically, common-law courts developed procedures for civil disputes, criminal prosecutions, property, contracts, torts, and other recognized causes of action. Equity courts historically addressed remedies and subjects not adequately handled by common-law forms, such as injunctions, trusts, and specific performance. Modern <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/american\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">American<\/a> courts have largely merged law and equity procedurally, though important distinctions remain in certain remedies and constitutional analyses.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Quasi<\/a> courts are generally creatures of statute or other positive law rather than institutions of the historic English <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/common-law\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">common law<\/a>. They may decide statutory rights and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/public\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">public<\/a>-rights matters that legislatures validly assign to administrative processes. But statutory delegation does not eliminate constitutional restraints. In <em>SEC <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/v\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>v<\/a>. Jarkesy<\/em> (2024), the United States Supreme Court held that, when the Securities and Exchange Commission seeks civil penalties for securities-fraud claims analogous to common-law fraud, the Seventh Amendment requires <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> jury trial; Congress may not assign that particular <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/claim\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">claim<\/a> to agency adjudication under the asserted <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/public\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">public<\/a>-rights exception. The decision is important, but it did not abolish agency adjudication generally. Its application depends on the nature of the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/claim\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">claim<\/a>, the remedy sought, and the constitutional doctrine involved.<\/p>\n<h3>Military and Governmental Context<\/h3>\n<p>The phrase is sometimes used loosely for governmental bodies that hear claims or discipline matters. Care is required. Courts-martial and military commissions are specialized bodies governed by distinct constitutional, statutory, and military rules; they are not simply ordinary administrative <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> courts. Indeed, the federal APA&rsquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>s<\/a> definition of &ldquo;agency&rdquo; expressly excludes courts-martial and military commissions. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> military tribunal&rsquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>s<\/a> legality must be analyzed under the Uniform Code of Military <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/justice\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Justice<\/a>, applicable federal statutes, the Constitution, and controlling judicial decisions&mdash;not merely by applying the label &ldquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> court.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, an impeachment body, legislative committee, claims commission, arbitration panel, professional disciplinary board, or tribal forum may have adjudicatory features, but each has <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> different legal basis. Calling all such bodies <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> courts may be convenient, but it can conceal material differences in <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/jurisdiction\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">jurisdiction<\/a>, procedure, finality, and review.<\/p>\n<h2>Spiritual Meaning<\/h2>\n<p>&ldquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Quasi<\/a> court&rdquo; has no settled spiritual meaning. It is primarily <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> legal and administrative description. Claims that the term inherently carries <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/religious\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">religious<\/a>, occult, ecclesiastical, or anti-spiritual meaning are unsupported by its documented Latin etymology and legal usage.<\/p>\n<p>At the level of moral reflection, however, the term raises familiar spiritual and ethical concerns about delegated power. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> person or body entrusted to judge others should act with humility, honesty, restraint, impartiality, and accountability. The fact that <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> tribunal is not <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> conventional court does not excuse unjust conduct; nor does the court-like appearance of <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> proceeding guarantee <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/justice\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">justice<\/a>. Ethical legitimacy depends upon faithful adherence to lawful authority and fair treatment of the people affected.<\/p>\n<h2>Modern Usage<\/h2>\n<p>Modern writers more often use <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a>-judicial<\/em> than <em><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> court<\/em>. The latter may <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/appear\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">appear<\/a> in judicial opinions, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/public\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">public<\/a>-law commentary, or informal descriptions of <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> tribunal that decides disputes outside the ordinary court system. Typical examples may include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>administrative law judges and agency hearing offices;<\/li>\n<li>professional licensing and disciplinary boards;<\/li>\n<li>zoning boards, boards of adjustment, and land-use <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/appeal\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">appeal<\/a> bodies;<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/public\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">public<\/a>-utility, labor, employment, tax, or benefits tribunals;<\/li>\n<li>claims commissions or specialized statutory compensation bodies; and<\/li>\n<li>certain independent commissions that issue adjudicatory orders.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The term should be used carefully in pleadings and legal research. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> party should identify the actual entity and cite its governing law rather than rely on <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> broad label. For example, it is more precise to say that <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> county board exercised <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a>-judicial zoning authority under <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> specified ordinance than merely to call it <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> &ldquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> court.&rdquo; Precision helps establish the applicable hearing procedures, standard of review, filing deadline, and available remedy.<\/p>\n<h2>Controversies \/ Criticisms<\/h2>\n<p><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Quasi<\/a> courts are often criticized on separation-of-powers grounds. Critics argue that an agency may <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/appear\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">appear<\/a> to act as investigator, prosecutor, rulemaker, and judge within the same institutional structure. That combination can create actual or perceived risks of bias, especially where the same agency both enforces <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> law and adjudicates alleged violations.<\/p>\n<p>Supporters respond that specialized adjudication is often necessary and lawful when structured with procedural protections, independent hearing officers, written findings, and judicial review. They contend that subject-matter expertise and administrative efficiency can improve consistency and access. The debate is therefore not resolved by the phrase &ldquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> court&rdquo; itself; it turns on the particular tribunal&rsquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>s<\/a> statutory design and constitutional limits.<\/p>\n<p>Another recurring criticism concerns terminology. Some people use &ldquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> court&rdquo; as though it proves that <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> tribunal lacks authority because it is not <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> &ldquo;real court.&rdquo; That conclusion does not follow. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> properly authorized agency tribunal can issue valid administrative orders within its <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/jurisdiction\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">jurisdiction<\/a>. Conversely, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> body described as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> court or tribunal can exceed its authority if it acts contrary to constitution, statute, procedure, or due process. The controlling inquiry is lawful <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/jurisdiction\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">jurisdiction<\/a>, not rhetoric.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, the term can be misused in arguments claiming that all administrative adjudication is equivalent to <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/private\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">private<\/a> arbitration, ecclesiastical judgment, commercial law, or foreign law. Such sweeping claims are generally inaccurate. Administrative tribunals operate under the specific <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/public\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">public<\/a> law that establishes them. Their <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/jurisdiction\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">jurisdiction<\/a>, remedies, and enforceability must be determined case by case.<\/p>\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p><a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">quasi<\/a> court is <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> court-like decision-making body, not necessarily <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> court in the full constitutional sense. The expression identifies limited adjudicatory activity: hearing disputes, determining facts, applying legal standards, and issuing decisions under delegated authority. Its Latin root conveys resemblance&mdash;&ldquo;as if&rdquo; or &ldquo;in some degree&rdquo;&mdash;rather than fraud, inferiority, or automatic invalidity.<\/p>\n<p>For legal purposes, the decisive questions are always practical and jurisdictional: What law created the body? What subject matter was assigned to it? What procedures must it follow? What rights does the affected person possess? What remedy or judicial review is available? Careful answers to those questions are more reliable than assumptions drawn from the label alone.<\/p>\n<h2>Sources \/ Further Reading<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Merriam-Webster, &ldquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Quasi<\/a>&rdquo; &mdash; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/quasi\">https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/quasi<\/a><\/li>\n<li>United States Supreme Court, <em>Wright <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/v\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>v<\/a>. Tebbitts<\/em>, 91 <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/u\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>U<\/a>.<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>S<\/a>. 252 (1875) &mdash; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/supremecourt\/text\/91\/252\">https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/supremecourt\/text\/91\/252<\/a><\/li>\n<li>National Archives, Administrative Procedure Act, 5 <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/u\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>U<\/a>.<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>S<\/a>.<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/c\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>C<\/a>. &sect; 551 &mdash; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/federal-register\/laws\/administrative-procedure\/551.html\">https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/federal-register\/laws\/administrative-procedure\/551.html<\/a><\/li>\n<li>National Archives, Administrative Procedure Act, 5 <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/u\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>U<\/a>.<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>S<\/a>.<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/c\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>C<\/a>. &sect; 554 &mdash; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/federal-register\/laws\/administrative-procedure\/554.html\">https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/federal-register\/laws\/administrative-procedure\/554.html<\/a><\/li>\n<li>United States Supreme Court, <em>SEC <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/v\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>v<\/a>. Jarkesy<\/em>, 603 <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/u\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>U<\/a>.<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>S<\/a>. ___ (June 27, 2024) &mdash; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.supremecourt.gov\/opinions\/23pdf\/22-859new_kjfm.pdf\">https:\/\/www.supremecourt.gov\/opinions\/23pdf\/22-859new_kjfm.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, United States Code and Supreme Court materials &mdash; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/\">https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- cld-ai-expansion-end --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/quasi\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Quasi<\/a> Court<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"glossary-categories":[],"glossary-tags":[],"glossary-languages":[],"class_list":["post-1273","glossary","type-glossary","status-publish","hentry"],"post_title":"Quasi Court","post_content":"Quasi Court\n\n<!-- cld-ai-expansion-start -->\n<!-- cld-ai-inline-image-start -->\n<div class=\"cld-ai-inline-term-image\"><img width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/quasi-court-dictionary-300x300.png\" class=\"alignleft cld-ai-term-inline-image\" alt=\"Quasi Court \u2014 Common Law Dictionary\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/div>\n<!-- cld-ai-inline-image-end -->\n<h2>Primary Definition<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Quasi court<\/strong> is a descriptive legal expression for a body, officer, board, commission, tribunal, or other decision-making forum that performs functions resembling those of a court without necessarily being a constitutional or statutory court of general judicial jurisdiction. The more common modern legal expression is <em>quasi-judicial body<\/em>, and the two expressions are often used interchangeably. In ordinary use, the term identifies a forum that may receive evidence, hear opposing parties, determine facts, apply legal standards, issue findings or orders, and decide a particular dispute.<\/p>\n\n<p>The word <em>quasi<\/em> is important. It means \u201cas if,\u201d \u201cin some degree,\u201d or \u201cresembling without being identical.\u201d Thus, a quasi court is not automatically an inferior court, a sham court, or an unlawful court. It is a body with some judicial characteristics, but whose legal authority, structure, procedures, remedies, and review are defined by the law creating it rather than by the full constitutional status ordinarily associated with an Article III federal court or a state court of record.<\/p>\n\n<p>A useful working distinction is this:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n  <li><strong>A court<\/strong> ordinarily exercises judicial power as part of the judicial branch and acts within a jurisdiction established by constitution or law.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>A quasi court<\/strong> ordinarily exercises limited adjudicatory authority delegated by statute, ordinance, treaty, regulation, charter, or other lawful instrument.<\/li>\n  <li><strong>A quasi-judicial proceeding<\/strong> is a proceeding in which an administrative or nonjudicial body determines particular rights, duties, privileges, licenses, liabilities, or disputes by applying existing standards to particular facts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>The label alone does not decide whether a body has lawful authority. Its actual authority depends upon the constitution, statute, ordinance, regulation, charter, or other source that created the body; the subject matter assigned to it; the procedures required; and the availability of judicial review. A tribunal may be called quasi-judicial and still be subject to substantial constitutional and statutory limits.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Etymology and Origin<\/h2>\n\n<p><em>Quasi<\/em> is a Latin word meaning \u201cas if,\u201d \u201cas it were,\u201d or approximately. Standard dictionaries trace it to the Latin elements <em>quam<\/em> (\u201cas\u201d or \u201chow\u201d) and <em>si<\/em> (\u201cif\u201d). In English legal usage, <em>quasi<\/em> commonly signals resemblance rather than complete identity. Examples include <em>quasi-contract<\/em>, <em>quasi-corporation<\/em>, <em>quasi-criminal<\/em>, <em>quasi-legislative<\/em>, and <em>quasi-judicial<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Accordingly, \u201cquasi court\u201d does not mean \u201calmost lawful,\u201d nor does it mean that a tribunal merely pretends to be a court. It expresses a classification: a body may act judicially in a limited setting even though it is not, for every constitutional and institutional purpose, a court. The expression is especially useful when a government body combines administrative duties with the authority to conduct hearings and decide individualized controversies.<\/p>\n\n<p>The phrase has appeared in American legal materials for more than a century. In <em>Wright v. Tebbitts<\/em> (1875), the United States Supreme Court described a claims commission as \u201ca quasi court\u201d while explaining that professional services before such a commission were not inherently improper. That historical use concerned a specially constituted body resolving claims rather than an ordinary judicial court. The older usage confirms that the phrase has long been descriptive, not a technical title carrying one fixed legal consequence.<\/p>\n\n<p>There is no sound basis for claiming that the English-language legal term \u201cquasi court\u201d originated as a distinct Roman, religious, military, or ecclesiastical institution. Latin supplied the word <em>quasi<\/em>, but the modern classification of administrative and regulatory tribunals developed principally through later public-law systems, especially as governments created commissions and agencies to administer specialized statutes.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Cultural and Historical Context<\/h2>\n\n<p>The growth of quasi courts is closely connected with the growth of the modern administrative state. Legislatures frequently enact broad regulatory schemes involving employment, benefits, taxation, professional licensing, land use, transportation, securities, immigration, public utilities, education, and environmental regulation. Because ordinary courts cannot practically make every initial factual determination in every specialized matter, legislatures often authorize agencies or boards to decide matters in the first instance.<\/p>\n\n<p>This arrangement serves several practical purposes. A specialized body may develop subject-matter competence, use procedures suited to recurring disputes, build an administrative record, and provide a comparatively accessible initial forum. A licensing board, for example, may hear evidence concerning whether a licensed professional violated governing standards. A zoning board may decide an application for a variance under criteria adopted by local law. A labor or benefits tribunal may determine eligibility based upon employment records, testimony, and statutory requirements.<\/p>\n\n<p>Historically, legal writers often described agency powers in three categories: legislative, executive, and judicial. Rulemaking was sometimes called \u201cquasi-legislative,\u201d enforcement was administrative or executive, and case-specific determinations were called \u201cquasi-judicial.\u201d Those labels remain useful descriptions, but they should not obscure the actual legal question: what authority did the legislature confer, and what constitutional limits govern its use?<\/p>\n\n<p>A quasi court usually acts retrospectively and particularly. It examines identified persons, known events, and a defined controversy. By contrast, a rulemaking body normally acts prospectively and generally, prescribing standards for future conduct. The distinction can matter greatly. A board may sometimes decide whether a particular permit should issue under an existing rule, but it may not use an adjudication as a shortcut for imposing a new rule of general applicability where law requires formal rulemaking.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Biblical \/ Torah Context<\/h2>\n\n<p>The term <em>quasi court<\/em> does not appear in the Bible or Torah, and it should not be presented as a biblical or Torah legal category. It is a later Latin-English legal expression. Neither the Torah nor the New Testament provides an institutional definition equivalent to the modern administrative tribunal.<\/p>\n\n<p>Nevertheless, the subject of judging is plainly important in biblical and Torah texts. The Torah repeatedly presents judgment as a public responsibility requiring impartiality, truthful testimony, careful inquiry, and equal treatment. Deuteronomy 16:18\u201320 instructs the appointment of judges and officers and warns against partiality and bribery. Exodus 18 describes the delegation of disputes to capable officers, while reserving more difficult matters for higher consideration. These passages concern justice and ordered decision-making, not the technical modern distinction between courts and administrative bodies.<\/p>\n\n<p>As interpretive analysis rather than a claim of direct legal continuity, those principles can provide an ethical measure for evaluating any adjudicatory forum: Does it hear both sides? Does it use known standards? Does it avoid favoritism? Does it give reasons for its decision? Does it provide an avenue to correct error? A body may be legally authorized as a quasi court while still being criticized if its practices depart from those basic ideals of fair hearing and impartial judgment.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Legal Implications<\/h2>\n\n<h3>Authority Must Be Delegated<\/h3>\n\n<p>In American law, a quasi court does not possess inherent judicial authority merely because it conducts a hearing or uses court-like language. Its power must arise from a valid source of law. At the federal level, agencies act under congressional statutes and applicable regulations. At the state and local levels, boards and tribunals commonly derive authority from state constitutions, statutes, municipal charters, ordinances, and agency rules.<\/p>\n\n<p>The scope of delegated authority is central. A tribunal may have power to investigate, subpoena where authorized, receive evidence, issue licenses, deny benefits, impose administrative remedies, recommend action, or enter binding orders. Another body may only make findings or recommendations for a court, executive officer, or legislature. The name \u201ccommission,\u201d \u201cboard,\u201d \u201chearing officer,\u201d \u201cadministrative law judge,\u201d or \u201ctribunal\u201d does not itself establish the extent of power.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Administrative Procedure and Due Process<\/h3>\n\n<p>Federal administrative adjudications are governed in significant part by the Administrative Procedure Act (\u201cAPA\u201d). The APA defines an agency adjudication as the agency process for formulating an order, while 5 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 554, 556, and 557 establish procedures for certain adjudications required by statute to be determined on the record after an opportunity for an agency hearing. These provisions do not convert agencies into Article III courts. They instead prescribe procedural safeguards for designated agency proceedings.<\/p>\n\n<p>Constitutional due process may also apply when government action threatens life, liberty, or property interests. What process is due depends on context. Notice, an opportunity to respond, an impartial decision-maker, a meaningful chance to present relevant evidence, a decision based upon the record, and reasoned findings may be required to varying degrees. The precise requirements depend on the governing statute, the kind of interest at stake, the risk of erroneous deprivation, and the governmental interests involved.<\/p>\n\n<p>Not every quasi-judicial proceeding has all features of civil litigation. Discovery may be narrower, evidentiary rules may be less formal, hearings may be conducted by an administrative law judge or hearing officer, and review may be limited to the administrative record. Those differences do not necessarily make the proceeding invalid. But they may become legally significant where the legislature has required particular procedures or where the Constitution requires greater protection.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Judicial Review and the Record<\/h3>\n\n<p>A major safeguard is judicial review. Many administrative decisions may be reviewed by a court for legal error, constitutional error, lack of substantial evidence, arbitrariness, abuse of discretion, procedural violation, or action beyond delegated authority. The proper method and deadline for review are usually fixed by statute or rule and can be strict. In some settings, a party must first exhaust administrative remedies before seeking court review.<\/p>\n\n<p>Judicial review is not always a complete retrial. A reviewing court may defer to factual findings supported by the administrative record while independently deciding constitutional issues or questions of law, depending on the applicable statute and doctrine. Some statutes allow de novo review; others permit only record review. Therefore, persons appearing before a quasi court should understand that the hearing record, objections, exhibits, and requested findings may become decisive on appeal.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Common Law, Equity, Statutes, and Constitutional Limits<\/h3>\n\n<p>Historically, common-law courts developed procedures for civil disputes, criminal prosecutions, property, contracts, torts, and other recognized causes of action. Equity courts historically addressed remedies and subjects not adequately handled by common-law forms, such as injunctions, trusts, and specific performance. Modern American courts have largely merged law and equity procedurally, though important distinctions remain in certain remedies and constitutional analyses.<\/p>\n\n<p>Quasi courts are generally creatures of statute or other positive law rather than institutions of the historic English common law. They may decide statutory rights and public-rights matters that legislatures validly assign to administrative processes. But statutory delegation does not eliminate constitutional restraints. In <em>SEC v. Jarkesy<\/em> (2024), the United States Supreme Court held that, when the Securities and Exchange Commission seeks civil penalties for securities-fraud claims analogous to common-law fraud, the Seventh Amendment requires a jury trial; Congress may not assign that particular claim to agency adjudication under the asserted public-rights exception. The decision is important, but it did not abolish agency adjudication generally. Its application depends on the nature of the claim, the remedy sought, and the constitutional doctrine involved.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Military and Governmental Context<\/h3>\n\n<p>The phrase is sometimes used loosely for governmental bodies that hear claims or discipline matters. Care is required. Courts-martial and military commissions are specialized bodies governed by distinct constitutional, statutory, and military rules; they are not simply ordinary administrative quasi courts. Indeed, the federal APA\u2019s definition of \u201cagency\u201d expressly excludes courts-martial and military commissions. A military tribunal\u2019s legality must be analyzed under the Uniform Code of Military Justice, applicable federal statutes, the Constitution, and controlling judicial decisions\u2014not merely by applying the label \u201cquasi court.\u201d<\/p>\n\n<p>Similarly, an impeachment body, legislative committee, claims commission, arbitration panel, professional disciplinary board, or tribal forum may have adjudicatory features, but each has a different legal basis. Calling all such bodies quasi courts may be convenient, but it can conceal material differences in jurisdiction, procedure, finality, and review.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Spiritual Meaning<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u201cQuasi court\u201d has no settled spiritual meaning. It is primarily a legal and administrative description. Claims that the term inherently carries a religious, occult, ecclesiastical, or anti-spiritual meaning are unsupported by its documented Latin etymology and legal usage.<\/p>\n\n<p>At the level of moral reflection, however, the term raises familiar spiritual and ethical concerns about delegated power. A person or body entrusted to judge others should act with humility, honesty, restraint, impartiality, and accountability. The fact that a tribunal is not a conventional court does not excuse unjust conduct; nor does the court-like appearance of a proceeding guarantee justice. Ethical legitimacy depends upon faithful adherence to lawful authority and fair treatment of the people affected.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Modern Usage<\/h2>\n\n<p>Modern writers more often use <em>quasi-judicial<\/em> than <em>quasi court<\/em>. The latter may appear in judicial opinions, public-law commentary, or informal descriptions of a tribunal that decides disputes outside the ordinary court system. Typical examples may include:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n  <li>administrative law judges and agency hearing offices;<\/li>\n  <li>professional licensing and disciplinary boards;<\/li>\n  <li>zoning boards, boards of adjustment, and land-use appeal bodies;<\/li>\n  <li>public-utility, labor, employment, tax, or benefits tribunals;<\/li>\n  <li>claims commissions or specialized statutory compensation bodies; and<\/li>\n  <li>certain independent commissions that issue adjudicatory orders.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>The term should be used carefully in pleadings and legal research. A party should identify the actual entity and cite its governing law rather than rely on a broad label. For example, it is more precise to say that a county board exercised quasi-judicial zoning authority under a specified ordinance than merely to call it a \u201cquasi court.\u201d Precision helps establish the applicable hearing procedures, standard of review, filing deadline, and available remedy.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Controversies \/ Criticisms<\/h2>\n\n<p>Quasi courts are often criticized on separation-of-powers grounds. Critics argue that an agency may appear to act as investigator, prosecutor, rulemaker, and judge within the same institutional structure. That combination can create actual or perceived risks of bias, especially where the same agency both enforces a law and adjudicates alleged violations.<\/p>\n\n<p>Supporters respond that specialized adjudication is often necessary and lawful when structured with procedural protections, independent hearing officers, written findings, and judicial review. They contend that subject-matter expertise and administrative efficiency can improve consistency and access. The debate is therefore not resolved by the phrase \u201cquasi court\u201d itself; it turns on the particular tribunal\u2019s statutory design and constitutional limits.<\/p>\n\n<p>Another recurring criticism concerns terminology. Some people use \u201cquasi court\u201d as though it proves that a tribunal lacks authority because it is not a \u201creal court.\u201d That conclusion does not follow. A properly authorized agency tribunal can issue valid administrative orders within its jurisdiction. Conversely, a body described as a court or tribunal can exceed its authority if it acts contrary to constitution, statute, procedure, or due process. The controlling inquiry is lawful jurisdiction, not rhetoric.<\/p>\n\n<p>Finally, the term can be misused in arguments claiming that all administrative adjudication is equivalent to private arbitration, ecclesiastical judgment, commercial law, or foreign law. Such sweeping claims are generally inaccurate. Administrative tribunals operate under the specific public law that establishes them. Their jurisdiction, remedies, and enforceability must be determined case by case.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n<p>A quasi court is a court-like decision-making body, not necessarily a court in the full constitutional sense. The expression identifies limited adjudicatory activity: hearing disputes, determining facts, applying legal standards, and issuing decisions under delegated authority. Its Latin root conveys resemblance\u2014\u201cas if\u201d or \u201cin some degree\u201d\u2014rather than fraud, inferiority, or automatic invalidity.<\/p>\n\n<p>For legal purposes, the decisive questions are always practical and jurisdictional: What law created the body? What subject matter was assigned to it? What procedures must it follow? What rights does the affected person possess? What remedy or judicial review is available? Careful answers to those questions are more reliable than assumptions drawn from the label alone.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Sources \/ Further Reading<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n  <li>Merriam-Webster, \u201cQuasi\u201d \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/quasi\">https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/quasi<\/a><\/li>\n  <li>United States Supreme Court, <em>Wright v. Tebbitts<\/em>, 91 U.S. 252 (1875) \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/supremecourt\/text\/91\/252\">https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/supremecourt\/text\/91\/252<\/a><\/li>\n  <li>National Archives, Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. \u00a7 551 \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/federal-register\/laws\/administrative-procedure\/551.html\">https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/federal-register\/laws\/administrative-procedure\/551.html<\/a><\/li>\n  <li>National Archives, Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. \u00a7 554 \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/federal-register\/laws\/administrative-procedure\/554.html\">https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/federal-register\/laws\/administrative-procedure\/554.html<\/a><\/li>\n  <li>United States Supreme Court, <em>SEC v. Jarkesy<\/em>, 603 U.S. ___ (June 27, 2024) \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.supremecourt.gov\/opinions\/23pdf\/22-859new_kjfm.pdf\">https:\/\/www.supremecourt.gov\/opinions\/23pdf\/22-859new_kjfm.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n  <li>Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, United States Code and Supreme Court materials \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/\">https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<!-- cld-ai-expansion-end -->","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/1273","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/glossary"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/1273\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2429,"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/1273\/revisions\/2429"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1273"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"glossary-categories","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary-categories?post=1273"},{"taxonomy":"glossary-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary-tags?post=1273"},{"taxonomy":"glossary-languages","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary-languages?post=1273"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}