{"id":1229,"date":"2024-02-13T08:48:07","date_gmt":"2024-02-13T08:48:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/mammon\/"},"modified":"2026-08-10T09:00:09","modified_gmt":"2026-08-10T09:00:09","slug":"mammon","status":"publish","type":"glossary","link":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/mammon\/","title":{"rendered":"Mammon"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"flex flex-grow flex-col max-w-full\">\n<div class=\"min-h-[20px] text-message flex flex-col items-start gap-3 whitespace-pre-wrap break-words [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5 overflow-x-auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"52312144-6a5c-4f06-9435-8093664ab185\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\">\n<h3>Understanding Mammon: Wealth, Ethics, and Language<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1531 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Mammon-Meaning-money-enhancing-the-theme-of-the-complex-relationship-between-material-wealth-and-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"417\" height=\"417\"\/><\/p>\n<p>In the tapestry of human culture and language, few concepts are as universally resonant and morally complex as the pursuit of wealth. The term &ldquo;Mammon&rdquo; stands at the crossroads of linguistics, theology, and ethics, embodying the multifaceted relationship between material wealth and spiritual values. This exploration delves into the origins, linguistic journey, and moral implications of &ldquo;Mammon,&rdquo; shedding light on its enduring relevance in contemporary discourse.<\/p>\n<h4>Origins and Linguistic Roots<\/h4>\n<p>The term &ldquo;Mammon&rdquo; has its earliest roots in the Aramaic word &ldquo;&#1502;&#1464;&#1502;&#1493;&#1465;&#1504;&#1464;&#1488;&rdquo; (m&#257;m&ocirc;n&#257;), which straightforwardly means wealth or property. From Aramaic, it found its way into the Greek language as &ldquo;&mu;&alpha;&mu;&mu;&omega;&nu;&#8118;&sigmaf;&rdquo; (mammonas) and subsequently into Late Latin as &ldquo;mammona.&rdquo; These linguistic transitions reflect the term&rsquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>s<\/a> incorporation into the Christian New Testament, where it personifies wealth or greed, particularly in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke.<\/p>\n<h4>Biblical Context and Symbolism<\/h4>\n<p>&ldquo;Mammon&rdquo; is perhaps most famously mentioned in Matthew 6:24, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> verse that starkly highlights the spiritual conflict between serving God and accumulating wealth: &ldquo;No one can serve two masters&hellip; <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/you\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>You<\/a> cannot serve both God and Mammon.&rdquo; This dichotomy underscores <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> profound ethical dilemma, positioning Mammon not just as wealth but as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> symbol of idolatry and moral compromise.<\/p>\n<p>In Luke 16:9-13, the term reinforces the theme of prudent stewardship of wealth with an <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/eternal\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">eternal<\/a> perspective, again cautioning against the elevation of wealth to <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> position of idolatry. Here, Mammon embodies the temptations and moral dangers inherent in the pursuit of material wealth, urging <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> reflection on the true masters of our lives.<\/p>\n<h4>Cross-Cultural Resonance<\/h4>\n<p>The concept of Mammon has transcended its biblical origins to become <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> symbol in various languages and cultures, including French, where &ldquo;mammon&rdquo; similarly denotes wealth and its ethical complexities. The universality of Mammon&rsquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>s<\/a> symbolism speaks to shared human concerns over the ethical use of wealth and the moral pitfalls of greed and avarice.<\/p>\n<h4>Ethical Implications and Contemporary Relevance<\/h4>\n<p>In <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> world increasingly driven by material success and financial achievement, the cautionary tale of Mammon remains profoundly relevant. It challenges individuals and societies to reflect on the ethical dimensions of wealth accumulation and the potential for material pursuits to detract from spiritual and moral values.<\/p>\n<p>The discourse surrounding Mammon invites <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> critical examination of how wealth is pursued, managed, and valued. It raises essential questions about the ethical responsibilities of wealth stewardship and the balance between material success and spiritual well-being.<\/p>\n<h4>Conclusion<\/h4>\n<p>Mammon, as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> concept, serves as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> bridge between ancient wisdom and modern dilemmas, offering <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> lens through which to examine the timeless ethical challenges posed by wealth. Its journey from Aramaic term to <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> symbol of moral caution in multiple languages and cultures underscores the universal nature of its message. In exploring Mammon, we are reminded of the enduring importance of navigating the material world with ethical integrity, mindful of the deeper values that give life its richest meaning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- cld-ai-expansion-start --><\/p>\n<h2>Primary Definition<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Mammon<\/strong> is wealth, property, money, or material resources considered not merely as useful possessions but as an object of excessive trust, loyalty, desire, or service. In ordinary modern English, it is usually <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> formal and disapproving term for money or riches treated as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> ruling power. The word commonly carries <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> moral judgment: the problem is not necessarily possessing property, earning wages, engaging in trade, or exercising prudent stewardship, but allowing acquisition, preservation, or use of wealth to displace conscience, duty, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/justice\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">justice<\/a>, charity, truth, family, or God.<\/p>\n<p>The term may be used in three distinguishable senses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Literal or linguistic sense:<\/strong> riches, property, money, or material goods.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Biblical and ethical sense:<\/strong> wealth treated as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> competing master, especially where it commands <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> person&rsquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>s<\/a> allegiance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Later literary and theological sense:<\/strong> <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> personification of greed or avarice, sometimes depicted as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> demon or false god of wealth.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These senses should not be collapsed. The documented <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/semitic\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Semitic<\/a> word referred to riches or property. The portrayal of Mammon as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> named supernatural being belongs principally to later Christian interpretation, medieval imagination, literature, and popular demonology.<\/p>\n<h2>Etymology and Origin<\/h2>\n<p><em>Mammon<\/em> entered English in the late Middle Ages through Late Latin <em>mammona<\/em> and New Testament Greek <em>mam&#333;nas<\/em> (&mu;&alpha;&mu;&omega;&nu;&#8118;&sigmaf;). The Greek form is generally understood as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> transliteration rather than an originally Greek word. Its source is Aramaic <em>m&#257;m&ocirc;n&#257;<\/em>, meaning wealth, possessions, or property. Related forms also <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/appear\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">appear<\/a> in Mishnaic Hebrew and later <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/jewish\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Jewish<\/a> writings as terms for money, assets, or material estate.<\/p>\n<p>The ultimate derivation is less certain than the immediate Aramaic meaning. Lexicographers and scholars have proposed connections with <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/semitic\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Semitic<\/a> roots concerning what is entrusted, reliable, counted, stored, or treasured. Such proposals are etymological arguments, not settled proof. The sound historical conclusion is therefore limited but clear: by the period relevant to the New Testament and rabbinic literature, <em>mammon<\/em> was an established term for riches or property.<\/p>\n<p>The retention of the foreign word in some English <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/bible\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Bible<\/a> translations had an important effect on English usage. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> translation such as &ldquo;money,&rdquo; &ldquo;wealth,&rdquo; or &ldquo;worldly riches&rdquo; communicates the direct sense. Leaving <em>Mammon<\/em> untranslated can make it sound like <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> proper name and more readily invites personification. Neither approach is inherently improper, but they emphasize different features of the underlying expression.<\/p>\n<h2>Cultural and Historical Context<\/h2>\n<p>In the ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean world, wealth was not limited to coins. It included land, livestock, harvests, servants, houses, stored goods, debt claims, and family inheritance. Property could provide security, social standing, political influence, and independence; its loss could expose <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> household to hunger, debt servitude, or dependence upon <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> patron. Moral teachings about wealth therefore addressed <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> practical and powerful reality rather than an abstract vice.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/jewish\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Jewish<\/a> and early Christian moral teaching commonly held together two principles: material provision can be <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/good\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>good<\/a> and necessary, but unjust gain, hardened indifference to the poor, dishonest weights, oppressive lending, bribery, and covetousness <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/corrupt\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">corrupt<\/a> both persons and communities. Mammon became <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> particularly durable symbol because it captures the point at which an instrument becomes <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> master. Money can facilitate food, shelter, restitution, generosity, enterprise, and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/public\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">public<\/a> works; it can also become the measure by which every relationship and obligation is evaluated.<\/p>\n<p>In medieval Christian writing, Mammon increasingly became personified. Some writers treated it as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> devil associated with covetousness, while later poets and artists gave the figure <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> more developed identity. John Milton&rsquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>s<\/a> <em>Paradise Lost<\/em> notably presented Mammon as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> fallen spirit whose attention is fixed upon earthly treasure. That literary influence helped establish the familiar image of Mammon as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> demon of greed.<\/p>\n<p>It is important to distinguish this later personification from ancient evidence. There is no reliable basis for confidently asserting that &ldquo;Mammon&rdquo; was the name of an independently worshiped Syrian, Roman, Greek, or pagan god of money. Older reference works specifically caution that no trace of such <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> Syrian god has been established. Claims that Mammon began as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> pagan deity should therefore be described as disputed or unsupported, rather than stated as historical fact.<\/p>\n<h2>Biblical \/ Torah Context<\/h2>\n<h3>The Torah and Hebrew Bible<\/h3>\n<p>The exact word <em>mammon<\/em> does not <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/appear\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">appear<\/a> in the canonical Hebrew <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/bible\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Bible<\/a> or Torah. It belongs to later Hebrew and Aramaic usage. Nevertheless, the ethical questions represented by the word are deeply relevant to <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/the-torah\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">the Torah<\/a>: honest commerce, protection of the poor, condemnation of theft and bribery, fair treatment of workers, release from destructive debt, and the recognition that land and abundance are not absolute possessions independent of divine authority.<\/p>\n<p>Thus, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> Torah-centered analysis should not <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/claim\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">claim<\/a> that <em>Mammon<\/em> is <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> Torah word. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> more accurate statement is that later <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/jewish\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Jewish<\/a> usage employed <em>mamon<\/em> for property or wealth, while Torah law and wisdom traditions supply <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> substantial moral framework for the acquisition and use of property.<\/p>\n<h3>Rabbinic Jewish Usage<\/h3>\n<p>In rabbinic literature, <em>mamon<\/em> may refer in <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> comparatively ordinary way to property or financial resources. For example, <em>Pirkei Avot<\/em> teaches that another person&rsquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>s<\/a> property should be as dear to one as one&rsquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>s<\/a> own. This use is significant: it shows that the word itself did not intrinsically mean <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/evil\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>evil<\/a> wealth. It could denote <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> neighbor&rsquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>s<\/a> rightful possessions, which must be respected and protected.<\/p>\n<p>That usage helps prevent an overly simplistic interpretation. Wealth is not automatically Mammon in the condemnatory sense. The ethical issue is whether property is honestly acquired, lawfully held, responsibly administered, and placed beneath higher duties.<\/p>\n<h3>New Testament Usage<\/h3>\n<p>The Greek New Testament uses <em>mam&#333;nas<\/em> in Matthew 6:24 and in Luke 16:9&ndash;13. In the Matthew passage, the central contrast is between service owed to God and service rendered to wealth. Luke uses related expressions sometimes translated &ldquo;unrighteous mammon,&rdquo; &ldquo;worldly wealth,&rdquo; or &ldquo;dishonest wealth.&rdquo; The surrounding teaching concerns trustworthiness, stewardship, and the danger of divided allegiance.<\/p>\n<p>The phrase &ldquo;unrighteous mammon&rdquo; has generated differing interpretations. It may refer to wealth within <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> fallen and morally compromised world; to riches that frequently become occasions for injustice; or, in some readings, to wealth obtained unjustly. The context does not require the conclusion that every coin, possession, or commercial exchange is inherently wicked. Rather, it warns that wealth is morally hazardous when it becomes an ultimate object of trust or an excuse for unfaithfulness.<\/p>\n<h2>Legal Implications<\/h2>\n<p><em>Mammon<\/em> is <strong>not <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> technical term of Anglo-<a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/american\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">American<\/a> <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/common-law\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">common law<\/a><\/strong>. It does not identify <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> recognized common-law offense, cause of action, legal estate, court, governmental office, military status, or <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/jurisdiction\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">jurisdiction<\/a>. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> court does not ordinarily decide <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> property, contract, debt, tax, probate, criminal, or constitutional case by determining whether someone &ldquo;served Mammon.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>Historically, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/common-law\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">common law<\/a> developed rules about property ownership, contracts, debts, fraud, conversion, trusts, inheritance, and restitution. Equity developed related remedies and duties, including fiduciary obligations, accounting, constructive trusts, and injunctions. Roman law likewise had its own categories for ownership, obligation, possession, and inheritance. None of those bodies of law made <em>Mammon<\/em> <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> general legal term of art.<\/p>\n<p>Modern law regulates conduct associated with the misuse of wealth through specific statutes and doctrines: fraud, theft, bribery, money laundering, tax offenses, securities violations, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/breach\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">breach<\/a> of fiduciary duty, consumer protection, bankruptcy, unjust enrichment, and corruption laws. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>A<\/a> <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/religious\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">religious<\/a> or moral critique of &ldquo;Mammon&rdquo; may inform <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> person&rsquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>s<\/a> conscience or <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/public\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">public<\/a> argument, but it does not replace the legal elements that must be proven in <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> particular case.<\/p>\n<p>For United States legal analysis, one should also avoid using &ldquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/common-law\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">common law<\/a>&rdquo; as though it were <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> single free-standing national moral code. The United States Supreme Court stated in <em>Erie Railroad Co. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/v\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>v<\/a>. Tompkins<\/em> (1938) that there is no &ldquo;federal general <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/common-law\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">common law<\/a>.&rdquo; Applicable law depends on the relevant constitution, statute, regulation, state <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/common-law\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">common law<\/a>, federal <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/common-law\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">common law<\/a> in limited fields, and judicial precedent. Mammon is therefore best understood as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/religious\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">religious<\/a>, linguistic, and ethical term&mdash;not <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> substitute for legal authority.<\/p>\n<h2>Spiritual Meaning<\/h2>\n<p>Spiritually, Mammon represents disordered allegiance. It describes the condition in which wealth ceases to be <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> tool and becomes <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> master. The person governed by Mammon may measure worth entirely by price, treat others only as sources of gain, excuse injustice as necessary business, or seek security in accumulated resources while neglecting moral and spiritual obligations.<\/p>\n<p>This does not require romanticizing poverty or condemning productive work. Many <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/religious\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">religious<\/a> traditions commend honest labor, prudent planning, care for one&rsquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>s<\/a> household, repayment of just debts, generosity, and responsible management. The spiritual warning concerns attachment and domination: whether <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> person owns possessions or is owned by the pursuit of possessions.<\/p>\n<p>In interpretive terms, Mammon may be called an idol because it receives the confidence, obedience, sacrifice, and devotion that should not be given to <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> material thing. That is <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> theological assessment rather than <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> legal finding. Different believers will apply it differently, but the central examination is enduring: what commands <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> person&rsquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>s<\/a> choices when wealth and conscience conflict?<\/p>\n<h2>Modern Usage<\/h2>\n<p>Modern English generally uses <em>Mammon<\/em> rhetorically and critically. Writers may speak of &ldquo;the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/worship\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">worship<\/a> of Mammon,&rdquo; &ldquo;the power of Mammon,&rdquo; or &ldquo;Mammon over principle&rdquo; to condemn materialism, corporate greed, political corruption, predatory finance, consumerism, or the reduction of human goods to market value.<\/p>\n<p>Because the word is emotionally charged, careful usage matters. It should not become <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> vague accusation against all commerce, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/private\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">private<\/a> ownership, banking, investment, profit, or people of financial means. Such broad use obscures the word&rsquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>s<\/a> strongest ethical meaning: wealth becomes Mammon when it functions as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> rival master and fuels injustice, exploitation, dishonesty, or moral surrender.<\/p>\n<p>The term has also become <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> character name in fiction, games, music, and popular demonology. Those uses draw heavily on medieval and Miltonic imagery. They should not be mistaken for evidence that <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> historical demon named Mammon was universally recognized in ancient Judaism or early Christianity.<\/p>\n<h2>Controversies \/ Criticisms<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>&ldquo;Mammon means <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> demon.&rdquo;<\/strong> This is an incomplete statement. The underlying Aramaic and rabbinic term means wealth or property. Demonological personification is <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> later interpretive and literary development.<\/li>\n<li><strong>&ldquo;All wealth is <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/evil\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>evil<\/a>.&rdquo;<\/strong> This does not follow from the linguistic meaning or from the principal biblical contexts. The concern is wrongful trust, unjust acquisition, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/corrupt\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">corrupt<\/a> use, and divided loyalty.<\/li>\n<li><strong>&ldquo;Mammon was <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> pagan god adopted into the <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/bible\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Bible<\/a>.&rdquo;<\/strong> This <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/claim\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">claim<\/a> is often repeated but lacks solid documentary support. The available evidence more strongly supports an Aramaic word for riches that later became personified.<\/li>\n<li><strong>&ldquo;Mammon has legal force in court.&rdquo;<\/strong> It has moral and rhetorical force, but it is not itself <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> controlling doctrine of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/common-law\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">common law<\/a>, equity, statute, or modern legal procedure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>Mammon is best understood first as <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> word for wealth or property and, in its enduring <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/religious\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">religious<\/a> and ethical use, as wealth elevated into <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/a\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>a<\/a> rival master. Its history moves from Aramaic and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/jewish\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Jewish<\/a> usage through the Greek New Testament, medieval personification, English literature, and modern criticism of materialism. The word&rsquo;<a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/glossary\/s\/\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>s<\/a> continuing power lies in its precision: it does not condemn every possession, but it warns against allowing possessions, profit, or financial security to rule the conscience.<\/p>\n<h2>Sources \/ Further Reading<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com\/us\/definition\/english\/mammon\">Oxford Advanced Learner&rsquo;s Dictionary, &ldquo;Mammon&rdquo;<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ahdictionary.com\/word\/search.html?q=mammon\">American Heritage Dictionary, &ldquo;mammon&rdquo;<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Matthew+6%3A24%2CLuke+16%3A9-13&amp;version=NIV%3BKJV\">Bible Gateway, Matthew 6:24 and Luke 16:9&ndash;13<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sefaria.org\/Pirkei_Avot.2.12?lang=en\">Sefaria, Pirkei Avot 2:12<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jewishencyclopedia.com\/articles\/10339-mamon-mammon\">Jewish Encyclopedia, &ldquo;Mamon (Mammon)&rdquo;<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica\/Mammon\">Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911), &ldquo;Mammon&rdquo;<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/USREPORTS-519\/pdf\/USREPORTS-519-213.pdf\">United States Reports, <em>Atherton v. FDIC<\/em>, discussing <em>Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins<\/em> and federal general common law<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- cld-ai-expansion-end --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mammon<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"glossary-categories":[],"glossary-tags":[],"glossary-languages":[],"class_list":["post-1229","glossary","type-glossary","status-publish","hentry"],"post_title":"Mammon","post_content":"<div class=\"flex flex-grow flex-col max-w-full\">\r\n<div class=\"min-h-[20px] text-message flex flex-col items-start gap-3 whitespace-pre-wrap break-words [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5 overflow-x-auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"52312144-6a5c-4f06-9435-8093664ab185\">\r\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\">\r\n<h3>Understanding Mammon: Wealth, Ethics, and Language<\/h3>\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-1531 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Mammon-Meaning-money-enhancing-the-theme-of-the-complex-relationship-between-material-wealth-and-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"417\" height=\"417\" \/>\r\n\r\nIn the tapestry of human culture and language, few concepts are as universally resonant and morally complex as the pursuit of wealth. The term \"Mammon\" stands at the crossroads of linguistics, theology, and ethics, embodying the multifaceted relationship between material wealth and spiritual values. This exploration delves into the origins, linguistic journey, and moral implications of \"Mammon,\" shedding light on its enduring relevance in contemporary discourse.\r\n<h4>Origins and Linguistic Roots<\/h4>\r\nThe term \"Mammon\" has its earliest roots in the Aramaic word \"\u05de\u05b8\u05de\u05d5\u05b9\u05e0\u05b8\u05d0\" (m\u0101m\u00f4n\u0101), which straightforwardly means wealth or property. From Aramaic, it found its way into the Greek language as \"\u03bc\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u1fb6\u03c2\" (mammonas) and subsequently into Late Latin as \"mammona.\" These linguistic transitions reflect the term's incorporation into the Christian New Testament, where it personifies wealth or greed, particularly in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke.\r\n<h4>Biblical Context and Symbolism<\/h4>\r\n\"Mammon\" is perhaps most famously mentioned in Matthew 6:24, a verse that starkly highlights the spiritual conflict between serving God and accumulating wealth: \"No one can serve two masters... You cannot serve both God and Mammon.\" This dichotomy underscores a profound ethical dilemma, positioning Mammon not just as wealth but as a symbol of idolatry and moral compromise.\r\n\r\nIn Luke 16:9-13, the term reinforces the theme of prudent stewardship of wealth with an eternal perspective, again cautioning against the elevation of wealth to a position of idolatry. Here, Mammon embodies the temptations and moral dangers inherent in the pursuit of material wealth, urging a reflection on the true masters of our lives.\r\n<h4>Cross-Cultural Resonance<\/h4>\r\nThe concept of Mammon has transcended its biblical origins to become a symbol in various languages and cultures, including French, where \"mammon\" similarly denotes wealth and its ethical complexities. The universality of Mammon's symbolism speaks to shared human concerns over the ethical use of wealth and the moral pitfalls of greed and avarice.\r\n<h4>Ethical Implications and Contemporary Relevance<\/h4>\r\nIn a world increasingly driven by material success and financial achievement, the cautionary tale of Mammon remains profoundly relevant. It challenges individuals and societies to reflect on the ethical dimensions of wealth accumulation and the potential for material pursuits to detract from spiritual and moral values.\r\n\r\nThe discourse surrounding Mammon invites a critical examination of how wealth is pursued, managed, and valued. It raises essential questions about the ethical responsibilities of wealth stewardship and the balance between material success and spiritual well-being.\r\n<h4>Conclusion<\/h4>\r\nMammon, as a concept, serves as a bridge between ancient wisdom and modern dilemmas, offering a lens through which to examine the timeless ethical challenges posed by wealth. Its journey from Aramaic term to a symbol of moral caution in multiple languages and cultures underscores the universal nature of its message. In exploring Mammon, we are reminded of the enduring importance of navigating the material world with ethical integrity, mindful of the deeper values that give life its richest meaning.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- cld-ai-expansion-start -->\n<h2>Primary Definition<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Mammon<\/strong> is wealth, property, money, or material resources considered not merely as useful possessions but as an object of excessive trust, loyalty, desire, or service. In ordinary modern English, it is usually a formal and disapproving term for money or riches treated as a ruling power. The word commonly carries a moral judgment: the problem is not necessarily possessing property, earning wages, engaging in trade, or exercising prudent stewardship, but allowing acquisition, preservation, or use of wealth to displace conscience, duty, justice, charity, truth, family, or God.<\/p>\n\n<p>The term may be used in three distinguishable senses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Literal or linguistic sense:<\/strong> riches, property, money, or material goods.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Biblical and ethical sense:<\/strong> wealth treated as a competing master, especially where it commands a person\u2019s allegiance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Later literary and theological sense:<\/strong> a personification of greed or avarice, sometimes depicted as a demon or false god of wealth.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>These senses should not be collapsed. The documented Semitic word referred to riches or property. The portrayal of Mammon as a named supernatural being belongs principally to later Christian interpretation, medieval imagination, literature, and popular demonology.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Etymology and Origin<\/h2>\n\n<p><em>Mammon<\/em> entered English in the late Middle Ages through Late Latin <em>mammona<\/em> and New Testament Greek <em>mam\u014dnas<\/em> (\u03bc\u03b1\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u1fb6\u03c2). The Greek form is generally understood as a transliteration rather than an originally Greek word. Its source is Aramaic <em>m\u0101m\u00f4n\u0101<\/em>, meaning wealth, possessions, or property. Related forms also appear in Mishnaic Hebrew and later Jewish writings as terms for money, assets, or material estate.<\/p>\n\n<p>The ultimate derivation is less certain than the immediate Aramaic meaning. Lexicographers and scholars have proposed connections with Semitic roots concerning what is entrusted, reliable, counted, stored, or treasured. Such proposals are etymological arguments, not settled proof. The sound historical conclusion is therefore limited but clear: by the period relevant to the New Testament and rabbinic literature, <em>mammon<\/em> was an established term for riches or property.<\/p>\n\n<p>The retention of the foreign word in some English Bible translations had an important effect on English usage. A translation such as \u201cmoney,\u201d \u201cwealth,\u201d or \u201cworldly riches\u201d communicates the direct sense. Leaving <em>Mammon<\/em> untranslated can make it sound like a proper name and more readily invites personification. Neither approach is inherently improper, but they emphasize different features of the underlying expression.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Cultural and Historical Context<\/h2>\n\n<p>In the ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean world, wealth was not limited to coins. It included land, livestock, harvests, servants, houses, stored goods, debt claims, and family inheritance. Property could provide security, social standing, political influence, and independence; its loss could expose a household to hunger, debt servitude, or dependence upon a patron. Moral teachings about wealth therefore addressed a practical and powerful reality rather than an abstract vice.<\/p>\n\n<p>Jewish and early Christian moral teaching commonly held together two principles: material provision can be good and necessary, but unjust gain, hardened indifference to the poor, dishonest weights, oppressive lending, bribery, and covetousness corrupt both persons and communities. Mammon became a particularly durable symbol because it captures the point at which an instrument becomes a master. Money can facilitate food, shelter, restitution, generosity, enterprise, and public works; it can also become the measure by which every relationship and obligation is evaluated.<\/p>\n\n<p>In medieval Christian writing, Mammon increasingly became personified. Some writers treated it as a devil associated with covetousness, while later poets and artists gave the figure a more developed identity. John Milton\u2019s <em>Paradise Lost<\/em> notably presented Mammon as a fallen spirit whose attention is fixed upon earthly treasure. That literary influence helped establish the familiar image of Mammon as a demon of greed.<\/p>\n\n<p>It is important to distinguish this later personification from ancient evidence. There is no reliable basis for confidently asserting that \u201cMammon\u201d was the name of an independently worshiped Syrian, Roman, Greek, or pagan god of money. Older reference works specifically caution that no trace of such a Syrian god has been established. Claims that Mammon began as a pagan deity should therefore be described as disputed or unsupported, rather than stated as historical fact.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Biblical \/ Torah Context<\/h2>\n\n<h3>The Torah and Hebrew Bible<\/h3>\n\n<p>The exact word <em>mammon<\/em> does not appear in the canonical Hebrew Bible or Torah. It belongs to later Hebrew and Aramaic usage. Nevertheless, the ethical questions represented by the word are deeply relevant to the Torah: honest commerce, protection of the poor, condemnation of theft and bribery, fair treatment of workers, release from destructive debt, and the recognition that land and abundance are not absolute possessions independent of divine authority.<\/p>\n\n<p>Thus, a Torah-centered analysis should not claim that <em>Mammon<\/em> is a Torah word. A more accurate statement is that later Jewish usage employed <em>mamon<\/em> for property or wealth, while Torah law and wisdom traditions supply a substantial moral framework for the acquisition and use of property.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Rabbinic Jewish Usage<\/h3>\n\n<p>In rabbinic literature, <em>mamon<\/em> may refer in a comparatively ordinary way to property or financial resources. For example, <em>Pirkei Avot<\/em> teaches that another person\u2019s property should be as dear to one as one\u2019s own. This use is significant: it shows that the word itself did not intrinsically mean evil wealth. It could denote a neighbor\u2019s rightful possessions, which must be respected and protected.<\/p>\n\n<p>That usage helps prevent an overly simplistic interpretation. Wealth is not automatically Mammon in the condemnatory sense. The ethical issue is whether property is honestly acquired, lawfully held, responsibly administered, and placed beneath higher duties.<\/p>\n\n<h3>New Testament Usage<\/h3>\n\n<p>The Greek New Testament uses <em>mam\u014dnas<\/em> in Matthew 6:24 and in Luke 16:9\u201313. In the Matthew passage, the central contrast is between service owed to God and service rendered to wealth. Luke uses related expressions sometimes translated \u201cunrighteous mammon,\u201d \u201cworldly wealth,\u201d or \u201cdishonest wealth.\u201d The surrounding teaching concerns trustworthiness, stewardship, and the danger of divided allegiance.<\/p>\n\n<p>The phrase \u201cunrighteous mammon\u201d has generated differing interpretations. It may refer to wealth within a fallen and morally compromised world; to riches that frequently become occasions for injustice; or, in some readings, to wealth obtained unjustly. The context does not require the conclusion that every coin, possession, or commercial exchange is inherently wicked. Rather, it warns that wealth is morally hazardous when it becomes an ultimate object of trust or an excuse for unfaithfulness.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Legal Implications<\/h2>\n\n<p><em>Mammon<\/em> is <strong>not a technical term of Anglo-American common law<\/strong>. It does not identify a recognized common-law offense, cause of action, legal estate, court, governmental office, military status, or jurisdiction. A court does not ordinarily decide a property, contract, debt, tax, probate, criminal, or constitutional case by determining whether someone \u201cserved Mammon.\u201d<\/p>\n\n<p>Historically, common law developed rules about property ownership, contracts, debts, fraud, conversion, trusts, inheritance, and restitution. Equity developed related remedies and duties, including fiduciary obligations, accounting, constructive trusts, and injunctions. Roman law likewise had its own categories for ownership, obligation, possession, and inheritance. None of those bodies of law made <em>Mammon<\/em> a general legal term of art.<\/p>\n\n<p>Modern law regulates conduct associated with the misuse of wealth through specific statutes and doctrines: fraud, theft, bribery, money laundering, tax offenses, securities violations, breach of fiduciary duty, consumer protection, bankruptcy, unjust enrichment, and corruption laws. A religious or moral critique of \u201cMammon\u201d may inform a person\u2019s conscience or public argument, but it does not replace the legal elements that must be proven in a particular case.<\/p>\n\n<p>For United States legal analysis, one should also avoid using \u201ccommon law\u201d as though it were a single free-standing national moral code. The United States Supreme Court stated in <em>Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins<\/em> (1938) that there is no \u201cfederal general common law.\u201d Applicable law depends on the relevant constitution, statute, regulation, state common law, federal common law in limited fields, and judicial precedent. Mammon is therefore best understood as a religious, linguistic, and ethical term\u2014not a substitute for legal authority.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Spiritual Meaning<\/h2>\n\n<p>Spiritually, Mammon represents disordered allegiance. It describes the condition in which wealth ceases to be a tool and becomes a master. The person governed by Mammon may measure worth entirely by price, treat others only as sources of gain, excuse injustice as necessary business, or seek security in accumulated resources while neglecting moral and spiritual obligations.<\/p>\n\n<p>This does not require romanticizing poverty or condemning productive work. Many religious traditions commend honest labor, prudent planning, care for one\u2019s household, repayment of just debts, generosity, and responsible management. The spiritual warning concerns attachment and domination: whether a person owns possessions or is owned by the pursuit of possessions.<\/p>\n\n<p>In interpretive terms, Mammon may be called an idol because it receives the confidence, obedience, sacrifice, and devotion that should not be given to a material thing. That is a theological assessment rather than a legal finding. Different believers will apply it differently, but the central examination is enduring: what commands a person\u2019s choices when wealth and conscience conflict?<\/p>\n\n<h2>Modern Usage<\/h2>\n\n<p>Modern English generally uses <em>Mammon<\/em> rhetorically and critically. Writers may speak of \u201cthe worship of Mammon,\u201d \u201cthe power of Mammon,\u201d or \u201cMammon over principle\u201d to condemn materialism, corporate greed, political corruption, predatory finance, consumerism, or the reduction of human goods to market value.<\/p>\n\n<p>Because the word is emotionally charged, careful usage matters. It should not become a vague accusation against all commerce, private ownership, banking, investment, profit, or people of financial means. Such broad use obscures the word\u2019s strongest ethical meaning: wealth becomes Mammon when it functions as a rival master and fuels injustice, exploitation, dishonesty, or moral surrender.<\/p>\n\n<p>The term has also become a character name in fiction, games, music, and popular demonology. Those uses draw heavily on medieval and Miltonic imagery. They should not be mistaken for evidence that a historical demon named Mammon was universally recognized in ancient Judaism or early Christianity.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Controversies \/ Criticisms<\/h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u201cMammon means a demon.\u201d<\/strong> This is an incomplete statement. The underlying Aramaic and rabbinic term means wealth or property. Demonological personification is a later interpretive and literary development.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u201cAll wealth is evil.\u201d<\/strong> This does not follow from the linguistic meaning or from the principal biblical contexts. The concern is wrongful trust, unjust acquisition, corrupt use, and divided loyalty.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u201cMammon was a pagan god adopted into the Bible.\u201d<\/strong> This claim is often repeated but lacks solid documentary support. The available evidence more strongly supports an Aramaic word for riches that later became personified.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u201cMammon has legal force in court.\u201d<\/strong> It has moral and rhetorical force, but it is not itself a controlling doctrine of common law, equity, statute, or modern legal procedure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n<p>Mammon is best understood first as a word for wealth or property and, in its enduring religious and ethical use, as wealth elevated into a rival master. Its history moves from Aramaic and Jewish usage through the Greek New Testament, medieval personification, English literature, and modern criticism of materialism. The word\u2019s continuing power lies in its precision: it does not condemn every possession, but it warns against allowing possessions, profit, or financial security to rule the conscience.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Sources \/ Further Reading<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com\/us\/definition\/english\/mammon\">Oxford Advanced Learner\u2019s Dictionary, \u201cMammon\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ahdictionary.com\/word\/search.html?q=mammon\">American Heritage Dictionary, \u201cmammon\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Matthew+6%3A24%2CLuke+16%3A9-13&amp;version=NIV%3BKJV\">Bible Gateway, Matthew 6:24 and Luke 16:9\u201313<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sefaria.org\/Pirkei_Avot.2.12?lang=en\">Sefaria, Pirkei Avot 2:12<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jewishencyclopedia.com\/articles\/10339-mamon-mammon\">Jewish Encyclopedia, \u201cMamon (Mammon)\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica\/Mammon\">Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911), \u201cMammon\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/USREPORTS-519\/pdf\/USREPORTS-519-213.pdf\">United States Reports, <em>Atherton v. FDIC<\/em>, discussing <em>Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins<\/em> and federal general common law<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<!-- cld-ai-expansion-end -->","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/1229","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/glossary"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/1229\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2292,"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/1229\/revisions\/2292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1229"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"glossary-categories","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary-categories?post=1229"},{"taxonomy":"glossary-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary-tags?post=1229"},{"taxonomy":"glossary-languages","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commonlawdictionary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary-languages?post=1229"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}